应用

Determination of Nitrogen and Protein in Feed

An easy and reliable method for the determination of total nitrogen and protein in feed products according to the Kjeldahl method, as described in the ISO 5983-1:2005(E) and AOAC 954.01 regulations, is introduced below. The samples are digested using the SpeedDigester K-436 and K-439. The distillation and boric acid titration are performed with the Kjeldahl Sampler System K-370/K-371.

Spray Drying of Paracetamol

Spray drying is a process used to transform a liquid into a dry powder form. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug used to treat pain and fever. Spray drying of paracetamol has been studied as a means of improving the drug's solubility, bioavailability, and stability.

The process of spray drying involves atomizing a solution of paracetamol into a stream of hot gas, which evaporates the solvent and leaves behind a fine powder. The resulting paracetamol powder is highly dispersible and can be easily formulated into various dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, or oral suspensions.

Spray drying of paracetamol has been used in a variety of applications, including the production of fast-dissolving tablets, orodispersible films, and orally disintegrating tablets. The process has also been used to improve the stability of paracetamol and to reduce the drug's gastrointestinal side effects.

In summary, spray drying of paracetamol is a promising technology that has the potential to improve the efficacy, safety, and convenience of this widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug. Its applications extend to many different areas of drug delivery, including fast-dissolving dosage forms and orally disintegrating tablets.

Please see the application note for starting parameters, formulations and some results.

Separation of citral isomers from lemongrass oil by flash and prep HPLC

Lemongrass is cultivated around the world. It`s mainly grown for its oils, which have a number of uses including for vitamin A, perfumes, insect spray, cosmetics, perfumes, food and drinks. Lemongrass is also enjoyed as a tea throughout the world. Lemongrass oil contains several monoterpenes, with citral being the major component, present at levels between 65-85%. Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6- octadienal) is the name given to a natural mixture of two isomeric acyclic monoterpene aldehydes: geranial (transcitral, citral A) and neral (cis-citral, citral B). In addition to citral, the lemongrass oil consists of small quantities of geraniol, geranylacetate, and monoterpene olefins, such as myrcene.

溶液和乳液中的纳米喷雾干燥麦芽糊精

喷雾干燥技术通常用于将液体（溶液、乳液、悬浮液、浆液）转化为固体粉末。几十年来，它一直被用于封装食品配料，例如香料、脂质和类胡萝卜素。此外，它还广泛用于化学和材料行业，以增强配料保存、颗粒特性、粉末处理和储存等功能。喷雾干燥也可用于制药行业中的应用，如药物输送。在食品微胶囊技术中，淀粉、麦芽糊精和玉米糖浆固体等碳水化合物通常用作封装剂。麦芽糊精是介于淀粉和玉米糖浆之间的中等分子量碳水化合物。由于其特性，麦芽糊精在食品行业中被广泛用作调味剂、香料和油、增稠剂或涂层的载体。本研究旨在研究使用纳米喷雾干燥仪高性能款 B-90 HP 生产麦芽糊精颗粒。

Selective Nitrogen determination ammonium nitrate reference standards direct devarda distillation

The Devarda method is used for the determination of nitrogen as sum parameter in nitrate and nitrite. However, this method is not suitable in the presence of organic compounds, calcium cyanamide or carbamide. Devarda’s alloy reacts with sodium hydroxide to form hydrogen. The produced hydrogen reduces the nitrate and nitrite to ammonia. The ammonia is steam distilled and trapped in boric acid solution and titrated with sulfuric acid.

In this Application we present the Devarda Distillation of sodium nitrate mixed with ammonium dihydrogen diphosphate and the selective direct distillation of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in the presence of sodium nitrate without addition of Devarda’s alloy.

Spray Drying of Metal soap

Metal soaps, also known as metallic stearates, are compounds made up of metal ions and fatty acid chains, and they have various applications in different industries, including plastics, rubber, paints, and coatings. Spray drying is a common method used for the production of metal soap powders.

The spray drying process involves atomizing a metal soap solution into a hot gas stream, which evaporates the solvent and leaves behind a fine powder of metal soap particles. This technique offers several advantages, including the ability to control the particle size, shape, and surface properties of the resulting powder, making it suitable for different applications.

Metal soap powders produced by spray drying are widely used as lubricants and release agents in the plastics and rubber industry. In addition, metal soap powders are also used as a stabilizing agent in the manufacturing of PVC and as a dispersant in paints and coatings. The spray drying technique also allows for the production of metal soap particles with high purity and consistent quality, which is critical for the various applications of metal soaps.

In summary, spray drying is a useful technique for the production of metal soap powders that find applications in different industries. The ability to control the particle size and surface properties of the resulting powder makes it suitable for various applications, including as a lubricant, release agent, stabilizing agent, and dispersant.

Please see the application note No. 576 for starting parameters, formulations and some results.

Fat extraction of milk powder and infant formula samples

In the dairy industry, the fat determination and extraction is not only a routine procedure in quality assurance and labelling also it is very important for contaminant determination, as e.g. PCBs, dioxins or pesticides. A procedure for fat determination in milk powder and infant formula samples is introduced. The samples are extracted by applying elevated pressure and temperature with the SpeedExtractor E-916. After drying the extract to a constant weight, the total fat content is determined gravimetrically. The samples are not hydrolyzed prior to the extraction - hence, the process time is reduced and chemicals saved. To validate this approach, fat determination was performed with a prior hydrolysis step.

Monitoring Soapstock Composition

Soapstock is obtained from the chemical refining process of crude vegetable oil. Rapid and accurate determination of soapstock composition is of critical importance to reduce neutral oil loss and thus to optimize the refining conditions and to improve the yield of the final product (edible oil). With the installation of a BUCHI NIR-Online® process analyzer after the alkali neutralisation step, the composition of soapstock is monitored and documented in a fast, simple, and reliable way. Within milli-seconds, several parameters such as FFA, oil content, moisture, Phospholipids, total fatty matter (TFM), acetone, insoluble material (AI), Loss of TFM from AI, OILTFM or AITFM are continuously, simultaneously, and accurately measured with NIR.

Microencapsulation of Nucleic Acids by Spray Drying

Nowadays, efficient  treatment of several diseases involves innovative therapeutic approaches. Gene therapy retains the interest of numerous researchers and was highlighted regularly as a potential approach to treat disease caused by genetic disregulations such as cystic fibrosis, hemophilia or cancer. The use of gene therapy for vaccination is also mentioned in the literature as an alternative to conventional live/attenuated viral treatments. Different routes of administration (intravenous, ocular, topical or pulmonary delivery) have been investigated for nucleic acids, however, delivery system design and formulation remains challenging due to nucleic acid instability after administration. To date, nucleic acid therapies are mainly based on viral and nonviral delivery system. Viral delivery systems are using the ability of viruses to enter the cells and release the nucleic acid with ease whereas non viral delivery system are methods that do not involve viruses.When focusing on non-viral delivery systems, most authors of current publications are using nucleic acids in form of nanoparticles. Amongst the available techniques to encapsulate nucleic acids, spray drying, with its one-step process, scalability and control of particle properties, is an excellent option to process solutions, suspensions or emulsions into dry powder formulations with engineered functional properties such as defined particle size and density. Spray drying has been used extensively for a number of applications in the formulation of biopharmaceuticals intended for pulmonary delivery and inhalation and was reported to show potential to encapsulate nucleic acids

Spray Drying of Lipid / Polycation / pDNA

Spray drying has been explored as a method for the production of lipid/polycation/pDNA (LPD) nanoparticles for use in gene therapy. LPD nanoparticles are a promising alternative to viral vectors for the delivery of therapeutic genes into cells.

The main areas of spray drying of LPD nanoparticles include the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. In the pharmaceutical industry, spray-dried LPD nanoparticles are used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of genetic disorders, cancers, and other diseases. In the biotechnology industry, spray-dried LPD nanoparticles are used as a research tool for the study of gene function and regulation.

Overall, spray drying of LPD nanoparticles has a specific application in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. The use of spray drying can offer several advantages such as improved stability, reproducibility, and scalability, making it a preferred technique for the production of LPD nanoparticles in these industries. However, the optimization of the LPD formulation and the characterization of the spray-dried nanoparticles are significant challenges that need to be addressed for the wider adoption of spray-dried LPD nanoparticles in industry.

Spray Drying of Insulin

Spray drying is a promising technology for the production of insulin powder formulations. This process involves the atomization of insulin solution into a spray of fine droplets, which are rapidly dried to form dry powder particles. The resulting powder is then filled into capsules or other dosage forms for oral administration.

Spray drying offers several advantages in the production of insulin formulations, including improved stability, bioavailability, and ease of administration. The dry powder form also eliminates the need for cold storage and transportation, making it more convenient for patients.

The use of spray drying in insulin production is particularly beneficial for developing new oral formulations of insulin, which can offer an alternative to injectable insulin. The technology also allows for the modification of the insulin particle size and surface properties, which can affect the absorption and bioavailability of the drug.

Overall, spray drying is a promising technology for the production of insulin powder formulations with improved stability, bioavailability, and ease of administration. It offers new opportunities for the development of oral formulations of insulin, which can improve patient compliance and quality of life.

Please see the application note No. 546 for starting parameters, formulations and some results.

Spray Drying of Melamine 565 (Madurit)

Melamine is an organic compound commonly used as a cross-linking agent in the production of resins and plastics. Madurit, also known as Melamine 565, is a melamine resin powder that is widely used in the coatings industry due to its excellent properties such as hardness, scratch resistance, and chemical resistance. Spray drying is a commonly used technique for producing dry powders from liquid solutions, and has been applied to Madurit to create a dry, free-flowing powder with improved handling and storage characteristics.

The process of spray drying Madurit involves atomizing a solution of the resin into a stream of hot gas, which evaporates the solvent and leaves behind a fine powder. The resulting Madurit powder has a controlled particle size distribution, high purity, and improved solubility. Spray drying also allows for the modification of Madurit properties, such as its particle size and surface area, to suit specific applications.

Spray-dried Madurit is used in a variety of coating applications, including automotive and industrial coatings, as well as inks and varnishes. It offers excellent adhesion, scratch resistance, and chemical resistance, making it ideal for use in high-performance coatings.

In summary, spray drying of Madurit offers a way to produce a dry, free-flowing powder with improved handling and storage characteristics, and is widely used in the coatings industry for its excellent properties such as hardness, scratch resistance, and chemical resistance.

Please see the application note No. 572 for starting parameters, formulations and some results.

Monitoring Cheese Blending

Cheese blending is the critical step when manufacturing processed cheese products (PCP) like fondue, analogue cheese, cheese spreads, or related products. Monitoring this process step not only ensures a consistent high quality final product, it also reduces the operating costs and increases the margin. Product parameters like total solids content, fat, protein, lactose, pH, salt or homogeneity need to comply both with legal limits and with strict recipe specifications. The installation of a BUCHI NIR-Online® process sensor at the bottom of the blending chamber or along the piping via Varinline adapter enables monitoring these target parameters and making timely adjustments in order to meet specified final product quality.

牛奶替代品中的脂肪

介绍了一种根据 Weibull-Stoldt 法的测定不同植物性牛奶替代品中脂肪含量的简单可靠的方法。消费者越来越需要素食营养和可持续的植物性蛋白质来源。最受欢迎的产品是豆奶、杏仁奶和米奶。在本应用中，使用水解仪 H-506 水解样品，然后使用脂肪萃取仪 E-500 Soxhlet 进行萃取。在萃取物干燥至恒重后，通过重量法测定总脂肪含量，从而得到高度可重复的脂肪含量。 

Spray Drying of Mannitol and Trehalose

Mannitol and trehalose are two commonly used sugar alcohols that are widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. Spray drying is a commonly used technique for producing dry powders from liquids, and has been applied to both mannitol and trehalose to create dry, free-flowing powders with improved handling and storage characteristics.

Spray drying of mannitol has been used in a variety of applications, including the production of inhalable drugs, chewable tablets, and sugar-free confectionery products. The process can be used to modify the properties of mannitol, such as controlling its particle size and surface area, and improving its flow and compressibility.

Trehalose has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its unique protective properties for biomolecules and its potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Spray drying of trehalose has been used to produce a stable, free-flowing powder with improved solubility and storage stability. It has applications in the production of pharmaceuticals, including vaccines and therapeutics, as well as the food and beverage industry for improving the stability and shelf life of products.

In summary, spray drying of mannitol and trehalose is a promising technology that offers a way to produce stable, dry powders with improved handling and storage characteristics. Its applications extend to many different areas of the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries.

Please see the application note No. 571 for starting parameters, formulations and some results.

Spray Drying of Mango juice

Spray drying is a commonly used technique for producing dry powders from liquids, and has been applied to mango juice to create a mango powder with extended shelf life and improved handling characteristics. Mango juice is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and spray drying offers a way to preserve these beneficial compounds while providing a convenient, shelf-stable product.

The process of spray drying involves atomizing the mango juice into a fine mist and then exposing it to a stream of hot air, which evaporates the water and leaves behind a dry powder. The resulting mango powder has a longer shelf life, improved handling characteristics, and can be easily stored and transported.

The mango powder produced by spray drying has a wide range of applications, including the food and beverage industry. It can be used as an ingredient in smoothies, yogurts, baked goods, and other food products to add a natural mango flavor and color. Additionally, the powder can be used in the production of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals.

In summary, spray drying of mango juice is a promising technology that offers a way to preserve the beneficial compounds in mango juice while providing a convenient, shelf-stable product. The applications of mango powder produced by spray drying extend to the food and beverage industry, as well as the nutraceutical and dietary supplement industries.

Please see the application note No. 569 for starting parameters, formulations and some results.

Fat determination in oat flakes according to Weibull-Stoldt

New assortment of Kjeldahl tablets

Monitoring crude oil composition with NIR

Monitoring crude oil composition is an important process in the oil industry to ensure product quality, optimize refinery operations, and comply with regulatory standards. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and various impurities, and its composition can significantly impact its market value and suitability for refining into various products.

Continuous monitoring ensures that the crude oil meets the desired specifications and reduces the risk of processing issues. It enables quick adjustments to processing parameters in response to changes in crude oil quality or incoming feedstocks.

Find out how NIR supports the analysis of crude oil prior to degumming in this application note No. 257/2023.

Mineral oil contamination in dry food samples

Many food samples are contaminated with mineral oil coming from different sources. One possible source of contamination is the migration from cardboard packaging made of recycled fibers. Other sources of contamination with mineral oils can be related to the food production process. Mineral oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. Mineral oil contamination can be classified as mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH), which are open chain paraffins, isoparaffins and cyclic naphthenes and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH), comprising mainly alkylated 1-3 ring compounds. Two PSE methods with different selectivity have been optimized for mineral oil extraction from dry foods. Method A: for extracting superficial contamination (MOH migrated from packaging into dry foods). Method B: for extracting total contamination present in dry foods, coming from different sources.