Applications

SyncorePlus Application Guide

This application guide describes important aspects of the evaporation of solvents and the concentration of a sample to a predefined volume using the SyncorePlus. Guidelines for the evaporation of your specific solvent and solvent mixtures are presented. They will help you to streamline your own process with sample applications, checklists, hints, rules, tables, and tests.

Productivity Handbook for Industrial Evaporation

Get your free "Productivity Handbook for Industrial Evaporation".  

Apply the BUCHI know-how on how to customize and make the most out of your Rotavapor® according to your needs.

Environmental Parallel Evaporation Guide

This Guide describes aspects of the simultaneous concentration for multiple samples to a pre-defined residual volume of solvents complying to US EPA methods with the Syncore® Analyst.

Your Evaporation Guide – Immersion angle

Achieve higher distillation efficiency when using a rotary evaporator by reading on the impact of immersion angle.

The evaporation rate of a rotary evaporator depends to a large extend on the immersion angle of the evaporating flask. The flatter the immersion angle, the higher the evaporation rate. This is, among other reasons, due to the fact that a flat immersion angle increases turbulence inside the evaporating flask, hence accelerating the evaporation. However, with a flatter immersion angle the evaporating flask cannot be as deeply immersed in the heating bath medium compared with a steep immersion angle. This can be an issue especially working with smaller evaporating flasks. Generally speaking, a 40 degrees immersion angle leads to a maximum efficiency rate without restriction in handling or risking losing parts of the sample due to over spilling and bumping into the receiving flask.

Your Evaporation Guide - Evaporating flask size

Achieve higher distillation efficiency when using a rotary evaporator by reading on the impact of flask size.

Generally, the larger the evaporating flask the greater is the evaporation rate. This is due to the greater turbulence inside a larger flask, enlarging the active surface and leading to a higher evaporation output. On the other hand, smaller flasks are advantageous when the residue needs to be collected for further quantitative analyses. Moreover, larger flasks generally allow easier handling.

Your Evaporation Guide – Thickness of evaporating flask

Achieve higher distillation efficiency when using a rotary evaporator by reading on the impact of thickness of flask.

The evaporation rate is noticeably greater if the evaporating flask’s glass walls are thinner. The simple reason is that thinner glass allows better heat transmission from the heating bath through the glass of the evaporating flask to the solvent. Generally speaking, the glass wall thickness should be selected to be as thin as possible, while still being robust enough to prevent breakages of the evaporating flask even at very low pressures. Concerning both these issues, the optimum thickness for a 1 L evaporating flask is between 1.5 and 2.0 mm.

Your Evaporation Guide – Rotation speed

Achieve higher distillation efficiency when using a rotary evaporator by reading on the impact of rotation speed.

The evaporation rate of a rotary evaporator is greater than that of static distillation apparatus. Moreover, the evaporation rate increases with higher rotation speed. This is, among other factors, due to the greater surface area inside the evaporating flask at one given time. Especially significant is the dissipation at lower rotation speeds. For instance an increase in speed above 200 rpm has a relatively low influence on the evaporation output. A rotation speed above 300 rpm can result in mechanical problems, vibrations and spillage from the heating bath. Thus, considering the advantages and disadvantages of different rotation speeds, the optimum rotation speed is around 250 to 280 rpm.

Your Evaporation Guide – Temperature difference

Achieve higher distillation efficiency when using a rotary evaporator by reading on the impact of temperature differences.

There is a direct relationship between the heating bath temperature and the evaporation rate. The more energy applied to the evaporation side, and at the same time removed from the condensation side, the more efficient is the distillation. Furthermore, sufficient cooling as well as an appropriate and stable under pressure are crucial for efficient distillation. On the other hand, the consumption of electrical energy is comparatively greater at higher temperatures. Moreover, some samples are thermo-sensitive, thus exacerbating the circumstances. Therefore the respective parameters have to be fine-tuned to the individual sample and application. The “Delta 20 Rule” is a guideline to compromise between high evaporation output and energy usage. For instance, using the 10/30/50 parameters is appropriate for the evaporation process in order to bring in and to carry off the accumulated energy efficiently.

Nitrogen and protein determination in beer and malt (Kjeldahl)

Nitrogen and protein determination in beer and malt accoding to the Kjeldahl method

Protein determination and nitrogen and in dairy products

KjelDigester K-449, KjelMaster K-375 with KjelSampler K-376: Accelerated Nitrogen and Protein Determination in Dairy Products According to the Kjeldahl Method by Digestion with Kjeldahl Tablets and Hydrogen Peroxide Followed by Colorimetric Titration

Nitrogen & protein determination in corn, flour and soy

KjelDigester K-449, KjelMaster K-375 with KjelSampler K-376: nitrogen and protein determination in corn, flour and soy according to the Kjeldahl method

Uniform and dry SiO2 beads with the Encapsulator

Encapsulator B-390 / B-395 Pro: Manufacturing of dry spherical monodisperse SiO2 beads with a size of 430 μm

Ammonia determination in wastewater

In this application note, an easy and reliable method for the determination of ammonia in wastewater is introduced. Ammonia was determined by steam distillation followed by colorimetric titration in boric acid with the MultiKjel and Metrohm Eco Titrator, respectively, providing reliable and reproducible results

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen determination in wastewater

In this application note, an easy and reliable method for the determination of TKN in wastewater is introduced: Samples are digested with the SpeedDigester K-439 using Kjeldahl tablets Titanium. A steam distillation protocol followed by a colorimetric titration in boric acid is performed with the MultiKjel and Metrohm Eco Titrator, respectively, providing reliable and reproducible results.

Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil

SyncorePlus Polyvap: Determination of Per and polyfluroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil

Fake Application Note with embedded Application Letter

This test is to publish an Application Note with an Application Letter embedded. 

Comparison of different Kjeldahl Tablets for the Determination of Nitrogen and Protein in Milk

Comparison of different Kjeldahl Tablets for the Determination of Nitrogen and Protein in Milk according to the Kjeldahl Method

Accelerated nitrogen & protein determination in beer and malt

Accelerated Nitrogen and Protein Determination in Beer and Malt with Kjeldahl Tablets and Hydrogen Peroxide

Nitrogen and protein determination in feed

Accelerated Nitrogen and Protein Determination in Feed According to the Kjeldahl Method by Digestion with H2O2 and Colorimetric Titration

The Right-Hand Book for Cannabis Scientists

Use this booklet on cannabis science to learn about harvesting and extracting cannabinoids (THC, CBD) and terpenoids, concentrating actives, recycling solvent, purifying cannabinoids and removing pesticides