Pressurized Water Extraction of polyphenols and essential oils in thyme
The extraction of valuable ingredients in thyme is the focus of different extraction techniques. The most commonly used technologies are liquid-solid-, pressurized liquid-, supercritical fluid- and pressurized water extraction. A fast and reliable method for the extraction of thyme is introduced below. The sample is extracted using the SpeedExtractor E-914 and analyzed to determine the amount of polyphenols.
Pre-Extraction and Extraction of Hypericin in St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) using the SpeedExtractor E-916
In herbal medicine St. John's Wort herb and capsules with dry extract are widely used for the treatment of depressions. In this products hypericin is determined for quality reasons. The determination of the total amount of hypericin can be done by extraction and photometric quantification at 590 nm. The quantification by photometry is interfered by co-extracted chlorophyll. Removal of the interfering chlorophyll was achieved by a pre-extraction with dichloromethane. The remainings were then extracted with methanol to quantify hypericin.
PCB determination in sediment
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of organic compounds based on biphenyl substituted with 1-10 chlorine atoms. They are toxic, persistent and bioaccumulate in terrestrial and aquatic biosystems and are ubiquitous in the environment. This Application Note describes the extraction and determination of PCBs in a dried sediment SETOC sample according to EPA 3541. The sample was extracted with the UniversalExtractor E-800 in the Soxhlet warm mode.
Piperine determination in pepper using UniversalExtractor E-800
Pepper is one of the most widely used spice and seasoning. Piperine – the bioactive compound of white, black or long pepper – imparts the spice with its pungency and biting taste. In this application note, the sample is extracted with the UniversalExtractor E-800 using the Hot extraction method. The total piperine content is determined using UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The procedure complies with the official method of AOAC 987.07.
Oil in Soybeans according to AOCS Am 2-93
A procedure for the oil determination in a soybeans sample following the official method AOCS Am 2-93 Oil Content in Oilseeds by the American Oil Chemists` Society is introduced. The standard method Am 2-93 is equal to the International Standard ISO 659:2009 and the FOSFA International Official Method. The standard methods require an extraction with a Butt-type extraction apparatus. The Butt-type extraction is equal to the Twisselmann extraction method used in the FatExtractor E-500 ECE. The oil content is determined gravimetrically after the extract has been dried to a constant weight. The standard methods describe a determination consisting of three extractions with grinding in-between. This Application Note shows by means of a certified reference material sample that reliable and reproducible results will be received using the FatExtractor E-500 ECE.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sludge samples
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds of hydrogen and carbon, composed of numerous aromatic rings. There are more than 150 such compounds containing two or more benzene rings, such as naphthalene (NAP) and anthracene (ANT). PAHs are nonpolar and lipophilic and primarily found in natural sources such as creosote. They are also produced through the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Nowadays, the main sources of PAH pollution, are caused by human activity and vary across the globe. Most PAHs enter the environment via the atmosphere through processes of combustion and pyrolysis. PAHs have been detected in a variety of foods due to the deposition of airborne PAHs, as well as in fish from contaminated waters. PAHs are also formed during certain methods of food preparation such as charbroiling, grilling, roasting and frying. The respiratory tract and the skin are the two organs most affected by PAHs in the human body. Common symptoms include solar dermatitis, acne dermatitis and epifolliculitis. Many countries and regions have regulations to prohibit and detect the compounds of PAHs.In 1982, the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced 16 representative PAHs as priority compounds for the monitoring of pollutants5. In 2016, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China published a new series of decrees and regulations regarding PAHs in environmental areas such as soil, sediment, sludge and air. The regulations clearly list the detection methods and value limits for PAH compounds in different applications. In the regulations HJ 783-2016 and HJ 805-2016, they recommend the extraction of a solid sample using the Pressurized Fluid Extraction method (PFE, also known as Pressurized Solvent Extraction PSE) of lyophilized samples prior to analysis by GC-MS.
PCB in sediment with UniversalExtractor E-800 HE
The Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) content of a reference sediment sample was determined using the UniversalExtractor E-800 HE according to method EPA 3541. The sample was extracted with a hot extraction method and the extract was analyzed by GC-MS/MS. The method provides reliable and reproducible results, that correspond to the reference values.
Piperine determination in pepper with pressurized solvent extraction
Pepper is one of the most widely used spice and seasoning. Piperine – the bioactive compound of white , black or long pepper – imparts the spice with its pungency and biting taste. Piperine was found to have therapeutic and medicinal effects. This Application Notes presents an effective method for the determination of piperines from pepper samples reducing the extraction time using Pressurized Solvent Extraction (PSE). In comparison to the standard method AOAC 987.07 the extraction time can be significantly reduced.
Heating guide for UniversalExtractor E-800_TN
This Technical note will help you to choose heating levels adequate for your extraction procedures. Accurate estimation of optimal heating levels for both the extraction and drying step is possible based on the boiling point and on further properties of the solvent.
Fat extraction of milk powder and infant formula samples
In the dairy industry, the fat determination and extraction is not only a routine procedure in quality assurance and labelling also it is very important for contaminant determination, as e.g. PCBs, dioxins or pesticides. A procedure for fat determination in milk powder and infant formula samples is introduced. The samples are extracted by applying elevated pressure and temperature with the SpeedExtractor E-916. After drying the extract to a constant weight, the total fat content is determined gravimetrically. The samples are not hydrolyzed prior to the extraction - hence, the process time is reduced and chemicals saved. To validate this approach, fat determination was performed with a prior hydrolysis step.
Fettgehalt in Milchalternativen
Ein einfaches und zuverlässiges Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Fettgehaltes in verschiedenen pflanzlichen Milchalternativen nach Weibull-Stoldt wird vorgestellt. Vegane Ernährung und nachhaltige pflanzliche Proteinquellen sind bei Verbrauchern zunehmend gefragt. Die beliebtesten Produkte sind hier Soja-, Mandel- und Reismilch. In der vorliegenden Anwendung werden die Proben mit dem HydrolEx H-506 hydrolysiert und anschliessend mit dem FatExtractor E-500 Soxhlet extrahiert. Die gravimetrische Bestimmung des Gesamtfettgehaltes erfolgt nach der Trocknung des Extrakts auf ein konstantes Gewicht, was zu sehr gut reproduzierbaren Fettgehalten führt.
Mineral oil contamination in dry food samples
Many food samples are contaminated with mineral oil coming from different sources. One possible source of contamination is the migration from cardboard packaging made of recycled fibers. Other sources of contamination with mineral oils can be related to the food production process. Mineral oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. Mineral oil contamination can be classified as mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH), which are open chain paraffins, isoparaffins and cyclic naphthenes and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH), comprising mainly alkylated 1-3 ring compounds. Two PSE methods with different selectivity have been optimized for mineral oil extraction from dry foods. Method A: for extracting superficial contamination (MOH migrated from packaging into dry foods). Method B: for extracting total contamination present in dry foods, coming from different sources.
Mineral oil contamination in cardboard
Many food samples are often contaminated with mineral oil coming from different sources. One possible source of contamination is the migration from cardboard packaging made of recycled fibres. Mineral oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons. Due to the high number of isomers present, it is not possible to separate individual hydrocarbons by GC and, for this reason, GC traces are characterized by "humps" of unresolved peaks. Nevertheless, mineral oil contamination can be classified as mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH), which are open chain paraffins, isoparaffins and cyclic naphthenes and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH), comprising mainly alkylated 1-3 ring compounds.
Öl und Fett in Abwasser (UniversalExtractor E-800)
In dieser Applikationsnote wird die Extraktion und Bestimmung von Öl und Fett in Abwasserproben nach den Standardmethoden AWWA 5520, Teil D (Soxhlet-Extraktionsmethode) beschrieben. Als «Öl und Fett» gelten definitionsgemäss alle Materialien, deren Wiederfindung als im Lösungsmittel lösliche Substanz erfolgt. Die Abwasserprobe wird mit Salzsäure angesäuert und mit einer Soxhlet-Extraktionsmethode mit dem UniversalExtractor E-800 extrahiert. Nach der Trocknung des Extrakts auf ein konstantes Gewicht wird die Menge an Öl und Fett gravimetrisch bestimmt. Diese Applikationsnote ist für biologische Lipide und mineralische Kohlenwasserstoffe sowie für die meisten industriellen Abwässer anwendbar. Sie eignet sich nicht für Fraktionen mit niedrigem Siedepunkt, die unter 85 °C verdampfen.
Oil determination in peanuts by Twisselmann extraction
This Application Note follows the official method AOCS Ab 3-49 by the American Oil Chemists` Society for the oil determination in peanuts. The standard method AOCS Ab 3-49 requires an extraction with a Butt-type extraction apparatus with an extraction time of twice 2 h. The Butt-type extraction is equal to the Twisselmann extraction method used in the FatExtractor E-500 ECE. As both are continuous extractions where the sample is constantly kept in hot solvent vapor whilst efficiently rinsed with freshly distilled solvent. The oil content is determined gravimetrically after the extract has been dried to a constant weight.
Oil in Soybeans according to AOCS Ac 3-44
This Application Note follows the official method AOCS Ac 3-44 by the American Oil Chemists` Society for the determination of oil in soybeans. The standard method requires an extraction with a Butt-type extraction apparatus with an extraction time of 5 h. The Butt-type extraction is equal to the Twisselmann extraction method used in the FatExtractor E-500 ECE. Both are continuous extractions where the sample is constantly kept in hot solvent vapor whilst efficiently rinsed with freshly distilled solvent. The oil content is determined gravimetrically after the extract has been dried to a constant weight. This Application Note shows by means of a certified reference material sample that reliable and reproducible results will be received using the FatExtractor E-500 ECE. In a second step this Application Note shows that an extraction time of 1 h is sufficient to receive reliable and reproducible results for the oil determination in soybeans samples using the FatExtractor E‑500 ECE.
PAH in sediment with UniversalExtractor E-800 HE
The Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of a reference sediment sample was determined using the UniversalExtractor E-800 HE according to method EPA 3541. The sample was extracted with a hot extraction method and the extract was analyzed by GC-MS/MS. The method provides reliable and reproducible results, that correspond to the reference values.
Extraction of Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) using the SpeedExtractor E-916 for the Determination of Total Polyphenol Content
Edelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum) grows in alpine areas between 1800 and 3000 meters above sea level. It is also cultivated for their valuable extract, rich in polyphenols and antioxidizing agents. The extract is used in cosmetics, facial creams and sun screen. The sum parameter of total polyphenol content is commonly used in plant analysis to quantify the power of the antioxidizing effect. An efficient extraction method to determine the total polyphenol content in Edelweiss using the SpeedExtractor E-916 is presented.
Extraction of Spices using the SpeedExtractor E-916 for the determination of Pesticides
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest. Pesticides can be classified by their chemical structure (organochlorines, organophosphates and car-bamates) or by their target (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, pediculocides and bio-cides).The adverse health effects depend on the type of pesticide. Organophosphates and carbamates for example affect the nervous system. Others may irritate the skin or eyes. Some pesticides may be carcinogens.